![]() These components differ in tone but are positively correlated and work together to perpetuate gender inequalities 2. According to ambivalent sexism theory 2, which was developed to account for the relationship between (cisgender and heterosexual) men and women, sexism includes a hostile component (overtly negative attitudes about men and women) and a benevolent component (attitudes towards men and women that seem subjectively positive but are actually harmful). We conclude by discussing the broader implications of these changes and specifying areas of enquiry that need to be addressed to continue making progress in understanding the mechanisms that underlie social inequalities.Īddressing the substantial gender inequalities that exist across a range of life domains 1 requires an understanding of the effects of sexism. Throughout the Review we point to societal shifts that are likely to influence how sexism is manifested, experienced and understood. Although we focus on women, we also consider some effects on men, in particular those that indirectly influence women. In this Review, we summarize what is known about the predictors of ambivalent sexism and its effects. Some of these findings have implications for understanding other social inequalities, such as ableism, ageism, racism and classism. ![]() However, all forms of sexism have negative effects on how women are perceived and treated by others as well as on women themselves. It is now clear that sexism takes different forms, some of which can be disguised as protection and flattery. The theory of and research on ambivalent sexism - which encompasses both attitudes that are overtly negative (hostile sexism) and those that seem subjectively positive but are actually harmful (benevolent sexism) - have made substantial contributions to understanding how sexism operates and the consequences it has for women.
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